Virtual Pediatric Hospital: MetaTextbook of Pediatric Radiology: Neurological System

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Virtual Pediatric Hospital: MetaTextbook of Pediatric Radiology: Neurological System MetaTextbook of Pediatric Radiology

Neurological System

Michael P. D'Alessandro M.D.
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

I. Imaging Modalities

| Paediapaedia |

A. Plain radiographs

B. CT

C. MR

D. Sonography

E. Myelography

F. Angiography

II. Normal Variants

A. Embryology | Embryology of the CNS |

C. Miscellaneous

Convolutional markings | Paediapaedia |

Craniofacial relationships | Paediapaedia |

Normal brain on head ultrasound

Normal skull | Paediapaedia |

Posterior parietal variants | Paediapaedia |

Sutures | Paediapaedia |

Wormian bones | Paediapaedia |

III. Skull

A. Congenital

1. Craniofacial syndromes | Paediapaedia - Cloverleaf Skull | Paediapaedia - Lacunar Skull |

2. Congenital dermal sinus | Children's Hospital, Birmingham |

3. Craniosynostosis | CERF | Paediapaedia | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital - Crouzon's Syndrome |

B. Inflammatory

1. Osteomyelitis, skull

C. Trauma

1. Caput succedaneum

2. Subgaleal hemorrhage | WebPath |

4. Fracture, skull | U of Hawaii - Introduction | (See also Neurological System V. E. for Shaken Baby Syndrome)

Fracture, maxilla | CERF |

Fracture, orbital | CERF | U of Hawaii |

Fracture, temporal bone | CERF |

IV. Spine

A. Congenital

1. Odontoid hypoplasia

2. Os odontoideum

3. Segmentation anomalies of spine | Paediapaedia |

4. Klippel-Feil anomaly |

5. Sprengel deformity | CERF |

6. VATER association, spinal abnormalities

7. Butterfly vertebrae | CERF |

8. Spinal dysraphism | CERF - Spina Bifida |

9. Diastematomyelia (See VI. A. 3. below)

10. Sacral agenesis (including caudal regression syndrome) | Paediapaedia |

11. Currarino triad

B. Inflammatory

2. Tuberculosis, spinal | CERF | Chiang Mai U |

C. Neoplasms

2. Aneurysmal bone cyst, spinal | Paediapaedia |

6. Metastases, spinal (including leukemia and lymphoma) | CERF - Leukemia | U of Hawaii - Leukemia - 1 | U of Hawaii - Leukemia - 2 |

D. Trauma

1. Fractures / dislocations

Fractures, cervical | U of Hawaii - Cervical Spine Anatomy |

Fracture, C1 | U of Hawaii - Jefferson Fracture |

Fracture, C2 | CERF - Dens Fracture | U of Hawaii - Hangman Fracture |

Cervical pseudosubluxation | Paediapaedia | U of Hawaii |

Fracture, miscellaneous cervical | U of Hawaii |

Fractures, thoracic

Fractures, lumbar | U of Hawaii - L2 Fracture |

2. Atlanto-dens and atlanto-occipital injuries (See IV. D. 1. above)

3. Spondylolysis / spondylolisthesis | Back Pain in Children |

E. Miscellaneous

1. Scheurmann disease | CERF | Paediapaedia |

3. Intervertebral disc calcification | CERF - 1 | CERF - 2 | CERF - 3 |

V. Brain

A. Congenital

1. Migrational disorders

a. Lissencephaly | CERF |

b. Pachygyria |

c. Schizencephaly | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital |

d. Heterotopic gray matter |

e. Polymicrogyria |

3. Corpus callosum agenesis | CERF - Agenesis |

4. Hydranencephaly | WebPath |

5. Dandy-Walker malformations

6. Chiari malformations | BrighamRad - Chiari II | Paediapaedia | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital - Chiari II |

7. Cephaloceles |

8. Neurocutaneous syndromes

Neurofibromatosis, intracranial (NFB) | Paediapaedia | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital - Type I | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital - Type II | (See also Musculoskeletal System III. A. 3. d.)

Sturge-Weber (SWS) | CERF | Chiang Mai U | Paediapaedia |

9. Vein of Galen malformation | Paediapaedia |

10. Aqueductal stenosis

B. Inflammatory

1. Bacterial infections (including meningitis, cerebritis, and abscess) |

Cystercercosis | International Society of Neuropathology | U of Hawaii |

2. Tuberculosis, intracranial | Children's Hospital, Birmingham - Tuberculous Meningitis |

3. Encephalitis | Children's Hospital, Birmingham - Bartonella Quintana Meningoencephalitis | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital - Herpes Encephalitis | WebPath - Herpes Encephalitis |

a. TORCH infections | Paediapaedia |

b. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, intracranial (AIDS)

C. Neoplasms

1. Posterior fossa

2. Supratentorial

a. Pineal region tumors

c. Astrocytoma | International Society of Neuropathology | U of Pittsburgh Pathology |

d. Oligodendroglioma | CERF |

e. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor, intracranial (PNET) | International Society of Neuropathology | U of North Carolina |

D. Cerebral infarction / ischemia

1. Arteritis, intracranial | Children's Hospital, Birmingham - Moyamoya | U of Hawaii - Moyamoya |

2. Sickle cell, intracranial

3. Carotid occlusion

4. Venous sinus thrombosis | International Society of Neuropathology | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital |

a. Intracranial hemorrhage

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage

b. Periventricular leukomalacia | CERF - PVL - 1 | CERF - PVL - 2 |

E. Trauma (including child abuse)

4. Subarachnoid hemorrhage | CERF |

F. Metabolic brain disorders

1. Leukodystrophies | Paediapaedia |

VI. Spinal Cord

A. Congenital

2. Lipomyelomeningocele | Catholic University of Korea | International Society of Neuropathology | Paediapaedia |

3. Diastematomyelia | CERF | Paediapaedia | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital |

4. Tethered cord (See VI. A. 1. above)

5. Dermal sinus |

6. Intradural lipoma (See VI. A. 1. above)

7. Hydrosyringomyelia |

B. Tumors

1. Neurofibroma (See Musculoskeletal System III. A. 3. d.)

2. Astrocytoma, spinal | International Society of Neuropathology |

3. Ependymoma, spinal | Chiang Mai U |

4. Metastases, spinal

5. Neuroblastoma / ganglioneuroblastoma / ganglioglioma, spinal (See Chest and Airway IV. C. 1. d.)

6. Sacrococcygeal teratoma | Chiang Mai U | Correlapaedia | Paediapaedia |

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