Musculoskeletal System

Michael P. D'Alessandro M.D.
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

Imaging Modalities | Normal Variants | Congenital | Infection / Inflammatory | Neoplasm |Trauma | Metabolic / Endocrine | Osteochondroses

I. Imaging Modalities

| Paediapaedia |

A. Plain radiographs

B. CT

C. MR

D. Ultrasonography

E. Nuclear medicine

F. Arthrography

G. Angiography

II. Normal Variants

A. Embryology

B. Anatomy | Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation | University of Washington - Musculoskeletal Atlas | Radiologic Anatomy Modules |

C. Miscellaneous

1. Ischiopubic synchondrosis | CERF | Paediapaedia |

2. Normal condylar variant | Paediapaedia |

3. Periosteal desmoid | CERF |

4. Supranumary synchondrosis | CERF - Supranumary Synchondrosis |

III. Congenital

A. Skeletal dysplasias | U of Washington - Introduction |

1. Osteochondrodysplasias affecting growth of tubular bones and spine (identifiable at birth)

a. Thanatophoric dysplasia | BrighamRad | Paediapaedia |

b. Chondrodysplasia punctata |

c. Achondroplasia | CERF | Paediapaedia | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital - 1 | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital - 2 |

d. Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy

2. Osteochondrodysplasias affecting growth of tubular bones and spine (identifiable in later life)

a. Metaphyseal chondrodysplasias

b. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) |

3. Osteochondrodysplasias with disorganized development of cartilage and fibrous components of the skeleton

a. Osteochondromatosis (Multiple cartilaginous exostoses) | CERF - 1 | CERF - 2 | Paediapaedia |

b. Enchondromatosis | CERF | Paediapaedia | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital |

c. Fibrous dysplasia, polyostotic | Paediapaedia - Polyostotic |

d. Neurofibromatosis, skeletal (NFB) | (See also Neurological System V. A. 8. b.)

4. Abnormalities of density of cortical diaphyseal structure and metaphyseal modeling

a. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) | BrighamRad | CERF - 1 | CERF - 2 | Chiang Mai U | Paediapaedia - Congenital | Paediapaedia - Tarda | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital - 1 | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital - 2 | U of Hawaii - 1 | U of Hawaii - 2 |

b. Osteopetrosis | Paediapaedia | Chiang Main U |

c. Pycnodysostosis

d. Diaphyseal dysplasia

e. Metaphyseal dysplasia |

B. Limb reduction anomalies (including proximal focal femoral deficiency and radial ray anomalies) |

C. Amniotic band syndrome

D. Congenital bowing deformities and pseudoarthroses | Paediapaedia - Anterior Tibial | Paediapaedia - Posterior Tibial |

E. Congenital foot deformities

1. Pes planus

2. Talipes equinovarus

3. Pes cavus

4. Metatarsus adductus

F. Down syndrome, skeletal abnormalities | BrighamRad |

G. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) and mucolipidoses, skeletal abnormalities | CERF - Hurler | Paediapaedia | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital - Hunter's | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital - Hurler's |

H. Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) | CERF - 1 | CERF - 2 | Paediapaedia | U of Hawaii |

I. Skeletal abnormalities associated with neuromuscular diseases

1. Meningomyelocele (MMC) (See Neurological System VI. A. 1.)

2. Cerebral palsy, skeletal abnormalities (CP) |

3. Muscular dystrophy,skeletal abnormalities | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital - Duchenne |

IV. Infection / Inflammatory

A. Osteomyelitis, skeletal | CERF - 1 | CERF - 2 | CERF - 3 | CERF - Chronic | CERF - Salmonella | Children's Hospital, Birmingham | Paediapaedia - Acute | Paediapaedia - Subacute | Thoracopaedia | (See also Neurological System IV. B. 1)

B. Septic arthritis | CERF - Hip - 1 | CERF - Hip - 2 | Paediapaedia | U of Hawaii - Ankle | U of Hawaii - Hip |

C. Toxic synovitis of the hip

D. Tuberculosis, skeletal (TB) (See Neurological System IV. B. 2.)

E. Syphilis | CERF - 1 | CERF - 2 | CERF - 3 | Paediapaedia | U of Hawaii |

F. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) | Paediapaedia |

G. Hemophilic arthropathy | CERF | CERF - Soft Tissue Injury - 1 | CERF - Soft Tissue Injury - 2 | CERF - Soft Tissue Injury - 3 | Chiang Mai U |

V. Neoplasm

A. Benign

1. Osteochondroma | Paediapaedia | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital | RSNA InteractED | WebPath - 1 | WebPath - 2 | WebPath - 3 | WebPath - 4 |

2. Unicameral bone cyst | CERF | Paediapaedia | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital | U of Hawaii |

3. Aneurysmal bone cyst, skeletal | CERF - 1 | CERF - 2 | CERF - 3 | Paediapaedia | WebPath - 1 | WebPath - 2 | WebPath - 3 | (See also Neurological System IV. C. 2.)

4. Nonossifying fibroma / Fibrous cortical defect | CERF - 1 | CERF - 2 | CERF - 3 | CERF - 4 | Paediapaedia | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital |

5. Fibrous dysplasia | Paediapaedia - Monostotic | Paediapaedia - Skull |

6. Langerhans cell histiocytosis, skeletal | BrighamRad | CERF - 1 | CERF - 2 | CERF - 3 | Paediapaedia - 1 | Paediapaedia -2 | Paediapaedia - 3 | Paediapaedia - 4 | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital | (See also Neurological System IV. C. 5.)

7. Osteoid osteoma, skeletal | CERF - Hand | CERF - Humerus | CERF - Talus | CERF - Tibia | Paediapaedia | U of Hawaii - Hip | WebPath | (See also Neurological System IV. C. 4)

8. Osteoblastoma (See Neurological System IV. C. 3.)

9. Chondroblastoma | CERF |

10. Chondromyxoid fibroma

B. Malignant

1. Ewing sarcoma, skeletal | CERF - 1 | CERF - 2 | CERF - 3 | CERF - 4 | CERF - 5 | CERF - 6 | Paediapaedia | Radiology Central Resource | WebPath - 1 | WebPath - 2 | (See also Neurological System IV. C. 1. and Chest and Airway IV. C. 4.)

2. Osteogenic sarcoma | CERF - 1 | CERF - 2 | CERF - Multicentric | CERF - Telangiectatic | Children's Hospital, Birmingham - Telangiectatic | Paediapaedia | U of Alabama | U of N. Carolina | U of Pittsburgh Pathology | WebPath - 1 | WebPath - 2 | WebPath - 3 |

3. Metastases, skeletal (including leukemia / lymphoma) | CERF - Burkitt Lymphoma | CERF - Leukemia - 1 | CERF - Leukemia - 2 | CERF - Leukemia - 3 | CERF - Leukemia - 4 | Chiang Mai U | Paediapaedia | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital - Leukemia | (See also Neurological System IV. C. 6.)

VI. Trauma

A. Fractures | Musculoskeletal Radiology of Fractures |

1. Accidental trauma (including Salter-Harris, greenstick, bowing, and buckle fractures)

Fracture, general | Paediapaedia - Diaphyseal | Paediapaedia - Stress | Paediapaedia - Torus (Buckle) |

Fracture, Salter-Harris | Paediapaedia - Epiphyseal Plate (Salter-Harris) | U of Hawaii - Salter Harris Classification |

Fracture, skull (See Neurological System III. C. 3.)

Fracture, facial bones (See Neurological System III. C. 3.)

Fracture, spine (See Neurological System IV. D. 1.)

Fracture, pelvic girdle | CERF - Pelvic | U of Hawaii - Pelvic Fracture - Iliac Spine Avulsion |

Fracture, shoulder girdle and thoracic cage | CERF - Rib | U of Hawaii - Acromioclavicular Dislocation | U of Hawaii - Shoulder Dislocation |

Upper extremity

Fracture, humerus

Fracture, elbow | Paediapaedia - Supracondylar | U of Hawaii - Condylar | U of Hawaii - Radial Head | U of Hawaii - Supracondylar | U of Hawaii - Various | U of Hawaii - Elbow Ossification Centers | U of Minnesota TF - Supracondylar |

Fracture, forearm | CERF - Bowing - 1 | CERF - Bowing - 2 | CERF - Monteggia | U of Hawaii - Bowing | U of Hawaii - Galeazzi | U of Hawaii - Monteggia |

Fracture, wrist | U of Hawaii - Scaphoid Fracture | U of Hawaii - Salter Harris I |

Fracture, finger

Lower extremity

Fracture, hip | U of Hawaii - Hip Dislocation | U of Hawaii - Acetabular Avulsion |

Fracture, femur | U of Hawaii - Intracondylar | U of Hawaii - Occult |

Fracture, knee | U of Hawaii - Patellar Dislocation | U of Hawaii - Patellar Fracture |

Fracture, tibia / fibula | CERF - Toddler's | Paediapaedia - Toddler's | U of Hawaii - Toddler's |

Fracture, ankle | CERF - Tillaux - 1 | CERF - Tillaux - 2 | CERF - Tillaux - 3 | CERF - Triplane | U of Hawaii - Distal Fib | U of Hawaii - Tib / Fib | U of Hawaii - Various |

Fracture, foot | CERF - Metatarsal - Stress | U of Hawaii - Metatarsal Fracture |

2. Child abuse, skeletal abnormalities (battered child syndrome, nonaccidental trauma, shaken baby syndrome) | CERF - 1 | CERF - 2 | CERF - 3 | Paediapaedia | U of Hawaii - 1 | U of Hawaii - 2 | USUHS/AFIP | (See also Neurological System V. E.)

3. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) | CERF - 1 | CERF - 2 | CERF - 3 | CERF - 4 | Paediapaedia | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital | U of Hawaii |

4. Thermal injury

VII. Metabolic / Endocrine

A. Rickets | Chiang Mai U | Paediapaedia | Paediapaedia - Vitamin D Resistant | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital - 1 | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital - 2 | U of Hawaii |

B. Renal osteodystrophy, skeletal abnormalities | Paediapaedia |

C. Hyperparathyroidism

D. Hypoparathyroidism

E. Hypophosphatasia

F. Scurvy | CERF | Paediapaedia |

G. Bone age determination

VIII. Osteochondroses

A. Legg-Calve-Perthes disease | CERF | Paediapaedia - 1 | U of Hawaii | WebPath |

B. Kohler disease |

C. Freiberg disease |

D. Osteochondritis dissecans | Paediapaedia |

E. Blount disease and physiologic bowing | Paediapaedia | Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital |

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